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Bentonite
Bentonite is an industrial rock that occurs naturally, identified by the feature of water-absorbing and by the capacity for Base Exchange; both features are considerably greater than that of kaolin and plastic clays. In some bentonites, water absorption is supplemented by a significant increase in volume, size, and formation of gelatinous mass.
Physical Characteristics
This clay varies in colour from white (with reddish tinge), to green. In-situ colour is darker while on exposure it fades out. When immersed in water it swells many times and forms a gel. It has a high bonding property. The specific gravity is 2.4 to 2.8 and refractive index 1.547 to 1.55, its fusion point varies from 1330°C to 1430°C.
Physical properties of Bentonite are as follows:
| Parameters | Unit | Unit |
| Moisture at 105° | 11.17% | 10.34% |
| Specific gravity | 2.52 | 2.43 |
| Liquid limit | 546 | 539 |
| pH30°C | 9.20 | 9.80 |
| Gel value | 60 | 10 |
| Swelling index | 28.5 ml | 18 ml |
| Base exchange capacity meg/100 gm | 87.36 | 64.53 |
| Viscosity: (a) 600 rpm | 176 | 5.0 |
| (b) 300 rpm | 166 | 2.5 |
| Filter loss | 17.5 ml | 36.5 ml |
| Exchangeable Ca++ ion | 0.43% | 0.27% |
